IP ratings, or Ingress Protection ratings, are a standardised classification system used to define the level of protection provided by enclosures against the intrusion of solid objects, dust, and water. The IP rating system is internationally recognised and specified by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

An IP rating consists of the letters "IP" followed by two digits and, optionally, additional letters. Each digit represents a specific aspect of protection:

First Digit (Protection against solid objects):

• Ranges from 0 to 6.
• Indicates the degree of protection against solid foreign objects such as dust, dirt, and debris.
• Higher numbers indicate greater protection. For example: IP0X: No special protection against contact and ingress of objects. IP6X: Completely dust-tight, with no ingress of dust permitted.

Second Digit (Protection against water ingress):

• Ranges from 0 to 9.
• Indicates the degree of protection against water ingress under various conditions, including immersion.
• Higher numbers indicate greater protection. For example: IPX0: No special protection against water. IPX8: Immersion beyond 1 meter, specified by the manufacturer.

Additionally, there may be optional letters following the two-digit IP rating to provide further details about specific protection features, such as resistance to mechanical impact (IK rating).

IP ratings are commonly used to specify the suitability of electronic devices, electrical enclosures, lighting fixtures, outdoor equipment, and other products for different environmental conditions and applications.

They help consumers and professionals make informed decisions about the appropriate use of products based on their intended environment and level of protection required.